THE HISTORY OF TRIORA

By Andrea Gandolfo

 

From early Modern Age to 1815

In 1498, with the arrival in Italy of the French Troops guided by the king Charles VIII, Triora was sacked and fired from the duke Serranono, whom was part of the Kingdom of France. In the same year, in order to pay out all the damages endured to the village, it was found an Universitas crematorum hominum Triorae , that had the task to help financially the people that had the most damages to things and houses.

Three years later, in 1501, Triora ended a treaty of friendship and good neighbouring with the village of Saorgio. In 1512, in occasion of the nomination of Antoniotto Adorno as the new Doge of Republic of Genoa, artists like Giovanni Battista Braida of Genoa and Angelo Chierico painted the flag of Genoa and the coat of arms of new Doge on the façade of the Triora’ s communal building . This is happened again in 1522 when a new Doge came to Genoa.

In 1556 the main parish church of Triora was transferred to the Collegiata, as it had been built outside the village. On the 20th of July 1564 a big earthquake destroyed part of western Liguria and Nizzardo (Nice area), leaving the village of Triora with numerous damaged houses.

In 1573 there was a third agreement stipulated with the Council of Taggia.

A new public school was built in 1579 by Bernardino Alberti, replacing the one built by Republic of Genoa in 1531.

At the end of summer 1587, during a big famine, Triora suspected that it had been caused by some local witches, many of them were then arrested, causing in 1588 big complaints from the elderly of the village.

Only in 1588, was sent to Triora the Officer Sir Giulio Scribani to clear up the trials that were made against the witches.

After few months Scribani spotted three ladies of Andagna (little village near Triora), whom declared themselves guilty of enormous crimes, of which homicides of innocent children of Andagna. These women were later condemned to death. Due to this decision in Genoa two new Officers were put beside the judge Serafino Petrozzi to pronounce sentence of death.

Just before the sentence an opposition came from the Father Inquisitor of the Republic of Genoa whom sustained that before making any condemned to death, it should be up to him or to the Saint Inquisition of Rome, to make a trial of which had the right of jurisdiction the ecclesiastical Authority.

On the 27th of September 1588 the Genoese Government informed the Roman congregation that the opposition made by the Father Inquisitor had been accepted.

At the end of April 1589, the congregation decided for the conclusion of the trial against the women. In the meantime two of those women that were in jail died. Instead three withes coming from Triora died and the other ones probably came back to their villages.

The trial of the 1588 against the witches of Triora contributed to put to light the complex motivations of the contrasts between the State and the Church of Rome in merit to the trials of the witches.

On the 6th January 1592, the General Parliament entrusted to a Commission of experts, the task to reform the Communal Status of the village. Those were then approved from the Senate of Genoa in 1599;

Among the years 1603 and 1620 more reforms were carried out.

The statutes were part of the State of Genoa in quality of local law and not of the private rights, so all the causes which didn’t have a solution for Triora were sent back to the Genoa’s Court.

The General Parliament was the main Council assembly which was elected by a third of the Triora’ s population and of the Fractions of Andagna, Corte and Molini.

The elected from the minor Council were 14 ones, while the Council of the twenty-four, represented the real government of the village, whom had the power to approve the treaties stipulated with the nearest villages, and to nominate the Ambassador of the Council.

The Administration of justice was entrusted to the council of the elderly people, which were four from the village of Triora, and just one from the other villages on annually rotation, they had numerous tasks to carry out.

The Appraiser were three from Triora and one came from the other villages, they had several duties, like the maintenance of the streets and mule-tracks; they decided about the border of the lands, about the distraint.

The other Controllers had the victualling duties like to control food prices.

While still working on the revision of the statutes, in 1596, the Church of Andagna was separated from the mother Church of Triora.

In 1610, the Church of Saint Francis in Triora, built up in 1593, was aggregated to the Basilica of Saint John in Laterano in Rome.

In 1624 the duke of Savoia Carlo Emanuele I, with the help of the Court of France, decided to attack the Republic Of Genoa, just to take possession of the territories of the Ligurian Riviera, which came in under the Genoese dominion.

During that year many villages were lay sieged, and in 1625 Triora was one on those. This matter took an happy ending on the 20th of August, the feast day of Saint Bernardo. Therefore the citizens of Triora decided that from that year onwards, each 20th of August they would celebrate in commemoration to the help of the Saint in favour of the village.

Following, with ordinance of Republic of Genoa and related act of division drawn up from the Officer Giacomo Negrone in 1654, the villages of Molini, Andagna and Corte, got the full administrative autonomy from Triora, and they took as well the faculty to have an own counsel or parliament.

In 1656 the population of Triora was decimate from an heavy pestilence, which started from the village of Villafranca spread over to all Liguria Region.

In 1666, with relation to the necessity to reform the ecclesiastic local laws, the pontiff Pope Alessandro VII issued a Papal bull, with the title of Provisionis canonicatus collegiatae et parochialis loci Triorae, which concerned the duty and the honours canonicals of the priest and the other prelates resident in the village of Triora.

In 1672 Triora became a theatre of bloody clashes between Piedmontese and Genoese troops, during those clashes nearest lands were devastated.

In 1700 the population of the villages of Triora, Molini, Andagna and Corte, reached the top of the numeric consistence of the Modern Age.

In 1745 during the Austrian War, the village of Triora was occupied by Spanish troops.

In 1755, with the initiative of Jesuit Father Antonio Stella, were transferred from the capital Rome to the village of Triora the bones of a young martyr, going back to the persecutions against the Christians of the III century.

In 1770 the remaking of the Roman Church of the Collegiata started, which was then transformed in a baroque church.

In 1773, lessons of Latin were given in the local school by the Blessed Giovanni Lantrua.

After the outbreak of the French Revolution, the French troops invaded in 1792 the region of Savoia, which was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, whom the Sovereign king Vittorio Amedeo III was just before allied to Empire of Austria.

In 1793, after the execution of French king Loius XVI and the entrance in war of France with the monarchic States of Europe, the French Army in Italy increased to twenty thousand man.

Even the Piedmontese troops, following a convention with the Empire of Austria increased. Following the attempt of the French to the entrance in Piemonte Region via the Roja Valley, the great General Massena and the young Napoleone Bonaparte, suggested to the head of the French Army a new plan to work on during spring 1794.

The plan predicted the trickery of Saorgio via the passes of Collardente and Tanarello, after having occupied Marta, Saccarello and Ponte Nava.

Starting point of this plan were Triora and Colle Nava.

In 1794 Ventimiglia was occupied by the French Army. A French division in order to get the Piedmonteses Forces, got into Nervia Valley, reached the villages of Pigna and Castelfranco and then across the pass of Langan (besides Triora), and arrived to the Argentina Valley.

A second division stayed in Nervia Valley by occupying the village of Dolceacqua, while a third one got possession of the pass of Tanarda, between Mount Grai and Porta Bertand.

A fourth and last division, occupied on the 9th of April 1794 the city of Oneglia, which was the only port left in the hands of the Piedmontese troops.

After the occupation of Triora and many movements by French Troops, the village of Triora came to be part of new district of the Argentina Valley.

A lot of plans were carried out for Triora, like building an hospital, new roads, rebuilt many houses and so on.

In 1798 there was a census of the population of the whole council of Triora.

But in 1802 the village of Triora was included in the Italian Republic, while two years later got under the Italian Kingdom.

With reference to the taxation system, instead, the village of Triora was put to the dependence of the city of Savona as from April 1815.